Editing 2

Dissolve: Dissolve is a transition in which one shot gradually fades out, whilst another shot simultaneously replaces it. The objective for this is to make the image or clip appear to seamlessly tradition from one to another in a fluid motion.





At 3:18 we see this being used. It is used here because it shows the reflective mood on what has just taken place, and helps to slow the scene down after the chaos that has just taken place. It is very effectively used here as the audience is given time to take in what has just happened and see the aftermath of what they have just seen.


Fade In: This is when you gradually fade to a clip or sound from a single colour, usually black or white.




At the very beginning at 0:00 a fade in effect is used here. The screen starts out black and the then the shot slowly appears. I believe this was used here to set the scene and was effective as it got the audience ready and prepared for the drama.

Fade Out: Fade out is a term used to describe a transition effect where the image slowly disappears into a black. This usually indicated the end of a scene or the video.




At 0:29 a fade out effect is used. We can tell as the scene fades out to a black screen. I think this was used here to sum up the quick scenario that took place between the two characters and to also set the scene for the next scenario which moves to another place and another time.

Wipe: A transitional device in which one image slowly replaces another by pushing the other out of the way.
- I need an example - 


Superimposition: The exposure of more than one image on the same film strip. Unlike a dissolve, a superimposition does not signify a transition from one scene to another. The technique was often used to allow the same performer to appear simultaneously as two characters on the screen.
- I need an example -


Long Take:  An uninterrupted shot in a film which lasts much longer than the conventional editing pace either of the film itself or of films in general, usually lasting several minutes. It can be used for dramatic and narrative effect if done properly, and in moving shots is often accomplished through the use of a dolly or Steadicam.




At 2:56 we see a long take editing style being used as a way to drama attention to the scenario unfolding between the two characters. It creates a lot of drama and the audience get a feel that the two characters are fighting and that there is clearly tension there between the characters. Therefore it has been very effectively used.


Short Take: A shot of film or video that has a brief duration on screen, usually less than 3 seconds.




At 0:12 a short take is used very effectively. Throughout the start of this episode we constantly see very short interludes of clips. These are to show us all the significant things going on in the place at the time. Therefore the audience get a sense that all these things are going to be connected somehow later in the episode.

Slow Motion:  An effect in film-making whereby time appears to be slowed down.




At the very start of this clip, so 0:00, things appear to be in slow motion. I believe this is very effective because it is a very serious scene and by slowing it down we, the audience, gather a sense of fear and that this is a very crucial moment in this characters life as it determines whether she will live or die.

Ellipsis:  A narrative device and the most basic idea in film editing. Ellipsis concerns the omission of a section of the story that is either obvious enough for the public to fill in or concealed for a narrative purpose, such as suspense or mystery.





At 1:05 we see an Ellipsis editing style being used as there is a fight going on. Instead of just acting out the fight we see little bits and pieces of it and we, the audience, put together the whole thing, making it as violent or as non-violent as we want it to be. 


Expansion of time: Slower than real-time. For example, you might have a fight sequence that is shown in slow motion and/or from several different angles. An action sequence that only took a few seconds in real time might take half a minute on video.



At 11:33 an expansion of time is shown. There is a fight that breaks out in the classroom and to the audience this continues for a longer tine than it would in actual real life. This is effective because the audience who've been watching the clip has seen the increase in tension between the two fighting and the longer this fight lasts the more this echoes the previous threats made.


Post Production: The third and final major phase of the production production process. Common tasks during post-production include:

• Editing video footage
• Editing the soundtrack, adding sound effects, music, etc.
• Adding titles and graphics
• Colour and exposure correction
• Adding special effects
• Re-shooting certain scenes if required ("pick-up" shots)

Visual Effects: The various processes by which imagery is created and/or manipulated outside the context of a live action shoot. Visual effects involve the integration of live-action footage and generated imagery to create environments which look realistic, but would be dangerous, costly, or simply impossible to capture on film. Visual effects using CGI have become increasingly common in big-budget films, and have also recently become accessible to the amateur film maker.

At 0:57 we see visual effects being used as there was an explosion. This clip is full of visual effects. These are used throughout this clip to create a sense drama and distress as a serious of very unfortunate events take place. In this part though CGI is used to add the fire to the explosion which would be cheaper and a real explosion would have been too dangerous and people would've gotten hurt.

Editing

What is meant by transition of image and sound?


Image: An image transition is when two separate shots are joined together. The most common transitions used are cut, crossfade and wipe. A cut transition changes instantly from shot to shot. A crossfade transition merges the two shots together as it changes, some call this a fade. A wipe transition progressively replaces the first shot with the second shot.

Sound: A sound transition is similar to that of an image transition, as it is when two separate sounds are joined together. These are usually used in trailers and cutscenes. Like the image transition the most common sound transitions are cut and crossfade. A cut sound transition changes instantly from one sound to the other, whilst a crossfade sound transition merges the two sounds together as the change them i.e the second sound fades in, whilst the first sound fades out.

Why is editing so important?


In the film industry editing is very important and is one of the most important jobs.  By editing you can assure all the clips fit together, the way the actors look fits in with previous scene and the scene to follow, and if the continuity fits. Despite editing taking a long time, it is very important in making a movie look better.

Editing cuts:


Shot/Reverse Shot: This is when one character is shown looking at another character (who is usually off screen) and then the second character is shown looking back at the first character.



At 3:53-4 a shot/reverse shot is used here to show how two characters are engaged in conversation, this gives us a better look at the character's facial expressions as each take up a shot rather than share a shot.

Eyeline Match: This is when a character is looking into an off-screen space, so the camera must cut to show what they are looking at i.e an object, landscape or another character.



At 0:44 an eyeline match is used. We know this because we saw one character looking of the screen at something we couldn't see then cut to the subject he was looking at.

Graphic Match: This is where you want the focus of the next shot to be in a similar place as the focus of the previous shot. This makes will allow a smooth transition from one shot to another.

Action Match: This is when you match the action, movement, or motion of the subject in one shot to the action in another shot so that the action can continue or be completed.



At 0:39 an action shot is used. This shows the continuation and end of the action the character is making thus, creating a fluid action for the audience to follow.

Jump Cut: This is when two shots of the same subject are taken from two different positions that only slightly vary. This allows the subject to appear to have 'jumped' position in a disjointed way.

Cross-cutting/Parallel Editing:: In a cross cut the action will cut from one action to another to show the simultaneity between the two actions.



At 1:05-08 cross-cutting editing is used here as it shows a character beating up another character. This works here because the audience get a full effect of what is going on in this action and it makes the action seem very violent and painful.

Cutaway: A cutaway is the interruption of a continuous shot but showing a shot of something completely different. This is usually followed by another cut of the previous shot.



At 1:08-10 A cutaway editing is used as it shows a shot of one character beating up another, then a shot of two people running, then back to the previous shot. From this the audience get a sense that the two characters running are to get to the scene unfolding at the first shot without having to see them running the the same shot.

Insert: This is the method of inserting a new shot over an old shot with a clean beginning and end. You can do this whilst still keeping the existing audio.

180 degree rule

This schematic shows the axis between two characters and the 180° arc on which cameras may be positioned (green). When cutting from the green arc to the red arc, the characters switch places on the screen.

In filmmaking, the 180° rule is a basic guideline that states that two characters (or other elements) in the same scene should always have the same left/right relationship to each other. If the camera passes over the imaginary axis connecting the two subjects, it is calledcrossing the line. The new shot, from the opposite side, is known as a reverse angle.

In the example of a dialogue between two actors, if Owen (orange shirt in the diagram) is on the left and Bob (blue shirt) is on the right, then Owen should be facing right at all times, even when Bob is off the edge of the frame, and Bob should always be facing left. Shifting to the other side of the characters on a cut, so that Bob is now on the left side and Owen is on the right, will disorient the viewer, and break the flow of the scene.

In the example of an action scene, such as a car chase, if a vehicle leaves the right side of the frame in one shot, it should enter from the left side of the frame in the next shot. Leaving from the right and entering from the right will create a similar sense of disorientation as in the dialogue example.

An example of sustained use of the 180 degree rule occurs throughout much of The Big Parade, a 1925 drama about World War I directed by King Vidor. In the sequences leading up to the battle scenes, the American forces (arriving from the west) are always shown marching from left to right across the screen, while the German troops (arriving from the east) are always shown marching from right to left. After the battle scenes, when the weary troops are staggering homeward, the Americans are always shown crossing the screen from right to left (moving west) and the Germans from left to right (moving east). The audience's viewpoint is therefore always from a consistent position, in this case southward of the action.

Composition

Framing: This is the technique of drawing attention to the subject by blocking out other parts of the image with something else.

Rule of Thirds: With rule of thirds you get your shot and basically imagine it split into thirds so you have 9 parts. This highlights four placing points of interest, as seen below:

In theory you place your subject in the points of intersection or along the lines so that your shot becomes more balanced and the viewer can interact with the shot more naturally.



At 0:02 we see rule of thirds being used here as two people are based in the intersection points meaning the audiences eyes are automatically drawn to them. This is effective because it gives the characters the attention they need for the following scene.

Depth of Field: Depth of field refers to the range of distances from the camera at which acceptably sharp focus can be obtained


Deep Focus: A deep focus is when all of the shot i.e the foreground, middle-ground and background, are clear and sharp.



(Time 1:26) I believe deep focus is used here because it draws the attention to all the operating tools used. I believe this is effective because it shows how serious and intense the moment is.

Shallow Focus: This is the opposite of a deep focus shot. Therefore meaning instead of everything in the shot being in focus, only the subject in the shot is whilst things like the background etc. are all out of focus.



(Time 1:14) I believe a shallow focus is used here so all the audience's attention is at the character's facial expressions and therefore it is effective because we see the distress on her face.

Focus Pulls: A focus shot is when you change the focus during a shot i.e when you change the focus from one subject to another. This is very useful in capturing the audiences attention.



I believe a focus pulls composition is used at 3:45  to draw the attention from one character's speech to the facial expression of the other. I believe this is effective because we can see how the other character reacts to what is being said.

Camera angles and movements

Camera angles:


High Angle: A High angle hot is usually located above the eye level. This is usually looking down on the subject and the point of focus is taken up by the surroundings. These are usually used to make the moment more dramatic.



At 0:26 a high angle is used. It is used here because it is creating a dramatic scene. It grasps the audience and pulls in attention. Therefore I believe it is very effectively used here.

Low Angle: A Low angle shot is taken looking up at someone. Usually the camera is on the floor and pointed upwards. It is used to make someone seem powerful and dominant.



(Time 0:22) There is a low angle shot used here to make the Doctor seem like a very important person. I believe this was very effective here because the audience was able to look at the Doctor and straight away know he's powerful.

Canted Angle: This is where the camera angle is tilted to show off balance and instability. It is most commonly used in horror films and is mainly filmed using a handheld camera.

Camera Movements:


Pan: is a movement which scans a scene horizontally. It is often used to follow a moving object which is kept in the middle of the frame.

 

(Time: 3:13) This scene shows the camera pans to follow the character as he is moving across the scene.
The main subject is always kept in the middle of the frame.

Tilt: is the movement where by which the camera scans the scene vertically.



(Time 10:28) I believe this is a tilt movement because as the character ascends the ladder the camera follows him by scanning upwards, which gives a sense of how high the building is.

Tracking: A tracking shot is a movement sometimes used in action scenes, when the subject is running or there is a lot of the movements by the actual character. The camera is placed on a moving vehicle and moves along side the action following the moving figure.

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Dolly (equipment): A Dolly is used to move the wheeled apparatus on which a camera is mounted toward or away from the scene. These are used in tracking movements.

(Time 1:43) Here we can see a tracking movement used because we are following the person running and we get a sense that something big is going to happen, due to this action.


Crane: This is just like a dolly shot, but in the air. A crane is a large, heavy piece of equipment, but is a useful way of moving a camera as it can move up, down, left, right, swooping in or moving diagonally. 



(Time 2:00) I believe a crane movement is used here so that we get a fluid left to right movement and are able to see how all the children in the scene are perfectly still and not moving.

Steadicam: This is a stabilizing mount for the camera which isolates the operator's movement from the camera, allowing a very smooth shot even when the operator is moving quickly over an uneven surface

(Time 0:32) I believe a steadicam is used here because we have a moving shot here and for the camera operator to get a fluid shot he would have had to use a steadicam mount.

Handheld:  Sometimes the action is moving too quickly or too unpredictably for the camera to be on a tripod. This means the camera operator simply holds the camera.

(Time 4:02) I believe a hand held movement is used here, to give a sense of urgency and panic to the scene, so that the audience can really see the distress the characters feel.

Zoom: Zoom is technically not a camera move as it doesn't require the camera to move at all. Zooming means altering the focal length of the lens to give the illusion of moving closer to or further away.

(Time 0:09) A zoom is used here so that the audience get an overall picture of Merlin and then gradually as the narrator starts to discuss Merlin we get so close we have an extreme close up of Merlin's face. Our attention is fixed on Merlin due to this

Reverse Zoom: A single shot which moves away from a particular subject. When done very quickly it can displace the audience, but it can also be used to show the wider picture or context of an image

(Time 2:53) A reverse zoom is used here to show the image of the whole house and so the audience can get a picture of the scene due to the prevailing tragedy which is about to take place.

Camera Shots

Extreme Long Shot - This is a wider shot that makes the subjects in the shot look small. This is used usually to show building or landscapes to let the audience see the surroundings or give a sense of distance.



At 0:04 an extreme long shot is used. This is used in this particular scene to show the surroundings where the tardis lands. It is used in a comical way because the landscape is a bleak, cold and snowy place and in the following seconds the Doctor emerges from the tardis in a hat, Hawaiian flowers and wearing sunglasses. I believe this was try effective because this is used for the audience to have a bit of a laugh at the start of a serious scene and this is exactly what is achieved.
                                                                                                                                           


Close Up - A Close up is when a feature or certain part of the subject takes up the camera shot. Majority of the time a close up is of a person from their neck up. These shots are generally used to show emotions on the person's face.



At 3:06 there is a perfect example of a close-up used, as the camera zones in on Kat's face and we see her facial expressions showing a great deal of emotion. This is used very effectively here because, by having the close-up the audience can see all the emotions that Kat is feeling just from her facial expressions. Using a close up in a scene like this works a lot better than a medium shot or a long shot, because the audience can see the character's facial expressions more clearly and there is nothing else to distract them, as the shot is just of the face.
                                                                                                                                           

Medium Shot - A Medium shot is usually of a person from their waist up. It is used to show expressions the person uses, with not just their face, but with their hands, arms, shoulders etc.




At 00:41, there is a medium shot used. This shot is used here to show the character's expressions with not just her face, but with posture, her hands and arms. From this we gather that the character is being sarcastic because even though she doesn't say anything sarcastic, the medium shot allows us to see her sarcastic body language: arms folded and a sarcastic facial expression. Therefore the medium shot is very efficient when used here.
                                                                                                                                            


Long shot - A Long shot is at distance from the subject and a allows a broad view of the surroundings also, usually used to set the scene. When a long shot of a person, it is usually from their feet up and this is used to see the person's stance and body movements.



At the very start and at 00:30 a long shot is used as it has a view of scene and setting. It has a broad and zoomed out view and you can see the surroundings easier, which is very effective as it sets the scene perfectly for the show.
                                                                                                                                           


Mid shot - A mid shot shows some part of the subject or person in more detail, but giving the audience the  impression of the whole subject. It is used to give the sense of just a general conversation.



At 1:06 there is a mid shot used to show a two characters talking. I believe this is effective here because it gives the audience a sense of just a general conversation happening, like it would in everyday life. Due to this reason, the use of mid shot here fulfils it's purpose.
                                                                                                                                           


Wide shot - In a wide shot, the subject takes up the majority of the frame and is usually of a person, whose whole body is in the frame. This is used so the audience can see the subject completely.



At 0:09 There is a wide shot of the Ood from Doctor Who. I believe this is used at this particular time for first time viewers and even frequent viewers to see what the Ood completely looks like and how they present themselves. This could make people interested in the show and therefore I believe it was quite effective as a camera shot to lure people into the show and to show the overall look of an Ood.
                                                                                                                                           

Two shot - A two shot is a camera shot of two people side by side and usually at a mid shot angle. This is to establish a relationship between the the two people, and can be used in movement to show interaction between the two people without the audience being distracted by the background.



At 4:58, there is a very good example of a two shot being used in movement. It is used here to show that the two people are friends and know each other. By using it with movement we get a sense of real interaction between the two people and all out attention focuses on them, rather than if they were just sitting or standing there, because then the audience's attention could wander. Therefore I believe the two shot is very efficient in this scene.
                                                                                                                                           

Aerial shot - An Aerial Shot is used as a birds-eyes-view to show the landscape and scenario from above. So it is looking down on the subjects and buildings.



This is the title sequence for Eastenders and I believe it is an aerial shot because it shows the area in which the drama takes place and therefore the audience are able to pin point the whereabouts it is set and this can have great significance.
                                                                                                                                           


Point of view shot - This is a very simple shot and basically is of someone's point of view. It is established before the shot, just who's point of view it is. It is used to engage the audience into the scenario and make them believe that they are there and seeing this.



At 0:26 there is a point of view shot. This is used here because it means we are now in the point of view of someone who is in the building when the explosion has gone off. We, the audience, feel as if we are actually present and are involved in the drama, therefore it is very effectively used here.
                                                                                                                                           


Over the shoulder shot - This shot creates a sense that you are looking over the shoulder of a person and it allows the audience to engage more in the scene. The subject that is facing the camera should also occupy at least 1/3 of the shot.



At 4:30 there is an over the shoulder shot used. I believe it is effective here because it shows a conversation between two people and we feel as though we are apart of the scene because the camera shot looks real because that is what we would see if we were that position.

Camera Shots